Use the method that measures the property you need
- DSC
A controlled temperature programme compares heat flow for specimen and reference. Identify transitions through the applicable method and material condition.
- FTIR / ATR-FTIR
FTIR provides infrared spectral information. ATR uses a defined near-surface interaction; sampling depth and preparation differ from other FTIR arrangements.
- XRFThis term
Characteristic emissions provide elemental information under the calibrated method. Geometry, matrix and coating model affect interpretation.
- SEM
The scanned electron beam produces detected signals from the specimen. Preparation, scale and operating conditions determine the useful information.
- Infrared thermography
Detected infrared radiation is interpreted through a measurement model. Emissivity, reflections and viewing conditions affect estimated surface temperature.
- Coulometric measurement
Controlled anodic dissolution relates measured charge to coating thickness. Specify exposed area, coating system and the detection of the endpoint.
Thermal, spectral, elemental, microscopic, infrared and electrochemical methods produce different kinds of evidence. Sample preparation and calibration determine how each result can be interpreted.
Conceptual instrument paths and qualitative output. These are not apparatus specifications or measured traces, and no method alone qualifies every property of a material or coating.